Ecuadorian Cocoa and the Multiparty Trade Agreement: Competitiveness, Technical Barriers and Sustainability

Abstract

This study analyzes the competitive dynamics of Ecuadorian cocoa exports to the European Union under the framework of the Multiparty Trade Agreement (MTA) during the 2019-2024 period. Although tariff dismantling has been a fundamental catalyst, the sector faces a critical transition toward new market access requirements. The methodology is descriptive-analytical with a quantitative approach, based on the review of FOB value historical series, export volumes, and technical regulation analysis. The results reveal an 88% growth in export value by the end of 2024, reaching historical figures of 1.28 billion dollars, driven by both the tariff benefit and the supply crisis in West Africa. However, it is identified that future competitiveness is conditioned by non-tariff barriers, specifically cadmium level controls and compliance with the EUDR Regulation on deforestation. It is concluded that, while the MTA provides an environment of operational certainty, sustainability and technological traceability are now the determining factors for maintaining leadership in the fine or flavor cocoa segment within the European market.