Technologies with greater efficiency in domestic wastewater treatment: a review of the literature

Abstract

Increasing urbanization and demand for water resources have intensified the need for efficient technologies for domestic wastewater treatment. The present literature review research evaluated the most efficient technologies in wastewater treatment, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation. Two hundred scientific articles in English from the Scopus and Web of Science databases were analyzed, selecting 72 that met the established criteria. The results showed that the best technologies in domestic wastewater treatment are vertical flow wetlands using the filtration method and biochar using the adsorption method. The studies showed that treatment with vertical flow wetlands achieved COD, BOD and TSS removals with values of 97.5%, 99% and 94%, respectively. On the other hand, biochar showed removal percentages in color, turbidity, phosphates and E. coli of 97.06%, 97.50%, 82.67% and 73.06%, respectively. It was concluded that these technologies offer solutions adapted to various contexts, significantly improving the quality of treated water and contributing to environmental protection.