Impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems: An analysis of their ecological effects

Abstract

Abstract- The presence of microplastics in marine ecosystems has generated growing concern about their ecological impacts. This study conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) in databases such as Redalyc, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scielo, Dialnet, and Scopus, selecting 31 relevant studies. The results show that organisms such as zooplankton, bivalves, echinoderm larvae, and small fish are especially vulnerable due to their diet, developmental stage, and trophic position. Significant risks were also identified for seabirds, turtles, and marine mammals, primarily through accidental ingestion and bioaccumulation. The most common physiological effects include apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic imbalances, affecting digestive organs and enzymatic functions. Bioaccumulation throughout the food chain exacerbates these damages. Furthermore, densely populated coastal regions such as the Sundarbans, Lake Tai, and parts of Latin America have high levels of pollution, with negative impacts on marine biodiversity. The findings highlight the urgent need to implement actions to mitigate the ecological effects of microplastics in marine environments. Keywords: Microplastics, Marine ecosystems, Ecological effects, Marine pollution, Bioaccumulation.