University Capabilities for Innovation and Technology Transfer in the Coffee Sector: An Evaluation Index for Colombia's Coffee Axis

Abstract

This study proposes and applies an Institutional Capability Index to assess the maturity level of research, development, innovation, and entrepreneurship (R&D+i+e) in universities within Colombia’s Coffee Axis, specifically in relation to their potential to drive technological transformation in the coffee sector. The index integrates five key dimensions: economic capacity, legal agility, scientific and technological output, human resources with scientific impact, and entrepreneurship. Grounded in theoretical models such as capability gap analysis, economic complexity, and the triple helix, the analysis enables quantification of universities' contributions to regional innovation processes. A case study was conducted with three representative universities in the region: Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Universidad de Caldas, and Universidad del Quindío. The results reveal significant differences among the institutions, with UTP standing out for its well-established innovation ecosystem, while Universidad del Quindío shows critical weaknesses in infrastructure, scientific output, and technology transfer capabilities. The developed index proves to be a useful tool for identifying strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement, allowing the alignment of institutional strategies and public policies. Furthermore, its applicability is validated in strategic sectors such as coffee, where university knowledge can play a key role in the differentiation, sustainability, and global competitiveness of the product. This work highlights the strategic role of universities in territorial productive transformation and their function as catalysts of sustainable developmente.