Scaling and Measurement of Agroecology for Sustainable Agrifood Systems: A Systematic Review of Approaches, Metrics, and Performance Indicators (2017–2026)

Abstract

This systematic review synthesizes recent evidence on how agroecology is scaled and how its performance is measured in sustainable agrifood systems, with emphasis on actionable insights for research, practice, and policy. Following PRISMA 2020, we searched Scopus and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies published between 2017 and 2026, and appraised methodological quality using MMAT (2018). Fourteen eligible studies spanning global, continental, national, and territorial/local scales were included. Findings show that scaling is less dependent on technical “packages” and more on enabling conditions: (i) multi-level governance and multi-actor networks that mitigate structural lock-ins; (ii) financing reoriented toward territorial transitions and local economies; and (iii) short supply chains and circular strategies that reinforce resilience and socio-economic cohesion. Regarding measurement, the literature remains heterogeneous, yet a clear trend emerges toward integrative assessment frameworks and comparable metrics (e.g., TAPE-based approaches and adaptations using secondary datasets) to monitor environmental, social, and productive performance. We propose a minimum core set of indicators and reporting elements to improve comparability across contexts, strengthen evidence-based decision making, and accelerate agroecological transitions.