Optimized blockchain architectures for prosumer-centric energy markets: A performance and policy framework

Abstract

This study shows a complete, multi-methods framework that improves blockchain designs for energy markets focused on end users by using large-scale data to test the framework and integrating policy. The study looks at 10,329 transactions on the Ethereum/PoS, Hyperledger, and Ethereum/PoA platforms and finds that Proof-of-Stake is the best consensus mechanism. It has 58% faster transaction speeds (*p* < 0.001), 67% more energy efficiency, and 99.2% reliability, which solves the decentralization trilemma. Structural equation modeling finds important nonlinear adoption levels, such as a 15% ROI turning point (β = 0.47) that leads to 83% involvement and a usability-trust route that accounts for 63% of trust creation (β = 0.52). A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis gives technical interoperability 0.42 weight and finds that legal frameworks based on principles get 17% more compliance than rule-based options. Results that have been shown to be better than old ways include 93.5% faster payouts and 78.3% lower costs for agents. This study uses design standards, behavioral economics, and policy analysis to make the first performance-validated PoS optimization model. It also makes measured acceptance levels and a weighted rollout plan with timeframes ranging from 0 to 10 years. It is already affecting EU trial programs and setting new norms for blockchain-energy study. It is also giving lawmakers a scientifically sound reason to switch to green energy.