Blockchain as a Tool to Improve Chain of Custody Procedures in Digital Forensics: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This review article analyses the impact of blockchain technology on the management of the chain of custody of digital evidence in forensic analysis. Fifteen relevant studies were examined to identify the specific procedures used, the improvements introduced by blockchain, the differences with traditional methods, and the metrics used to evaluate its effectiveness. The results highlight that blockchain offers significant advantages in terms of integrity, traceability, reliability, and efficiency, overcoming the limitations of traditional methods based on centralized and manual records. The most prominent procedures include the use of hashing to ensure the immutability of records, precise timestamps to guarantee traceability, and redundancy through distributed nodes to prevent data loss. Blockchain improves transparency and security, allowing real-time access and reducing human errors through automation with smart contracts. Furthermore, metrics such as consensus rate and resilience demonstrated the robustness of the system in adverse scenarios, while challenges related to energy consumption and interoperability underline the need for more sustainable solutions. It is concluded that blockchain is a transformative technology for digital forensics, capable of redefining evidence custody standards. However, it is essential to address technical and economic challenges through the establishment of global standards and interdisciplinary collaboration to maximize its potential in practical and diverse environments. This work contributes to the understanding of blockchain as a key tool to strengthen forensic processes in the management of digital evidence.