Socio-Environmental Impact of Mining in Latin America: A Systematic Review

Abstract

The following analysis of the systematic review highlights the socio-environmental impacts resulting from mining between 2020 and 2025 (Latin America), taking into account it’s environmental, social, and regulatory consequences. Following the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO model, 142 articles were recorded in the Scopus database, of which 32 articles satisfactorily met the established inclusion criteria. Thus, the results confirm that mining (mainly gold and copper) causes severe contamination of water bodies, soils, and ecosystems, especially due to the presence of heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd), which exceed international standards. Countries such as Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Chile, and Brazil are prime examples of this environmental dilemma, which directly harms public health and causes biodiversity loss. Similarly, the research reviewed shows flaws in mining waste management and poor environmental regulation, factors that increase the dangers to both the natural environment and communities. However, we have identified progress in the application of environmental recovery methods, such as the use of plants to purify soils and stabilization with basic compounds, along with initiatives aimed at more responsible and environmentally friendly mining. Finally, we highlight the importance of strengthening legislative frameworks, promoting public involvement, and strengthening collaboration between regions in order to harmonize economic growth with environmental protection and the safety of nearby populations.