Design of a modular autonomous vehicle for cost optimization in grape harvesting in agro-industrial environments

Abstract

Manual transportation of agricultural products during harvest represents a critical activity that demands extensive operational time and physical effort from workers, negatively impacting productivity and increasing production costs. This challenge is particularly significant in high-value crops such as grapes, where efficient handling and transport of the harvest are essential to preserve product quality and maintain competitiveness in the agro-industrial sector. In this context, the present study proposes the development of an autonomous vehicle aimed at optimizing grape harvesting, contributing to operational efficiency, productivity improvement, and sustainability. An engineering design methodology was applied, encompassing the development, implementation, and validation of a modular and scalable prototype. The system was designed to operate safely and reliably on irregular agricultural terrains, with a load capacity of 30 kg. Its architecture integrates traction, sensing, power, communication, and mechanical subsystems, enabling future technological expansions. The primary benefits of the system include reduced transport times to sorting and packaging stages, decreased physical labor, and enhanced workplace safety. Additionally, the use of low-consumption electric energy and recyclable materials contributes to minimizing environmental impact. Finally, the low-cost design positions the prototype as a viable solution for small and medium-sized producers, promoting the adoption of automated agricultural technologies in La Joya, Arequipa.