Architecture of a LoRaWAN IoT RTU for water quality control in aquaculture systems

Abstract

Modern aquaculture faces significant challenges associated with continuous water quality monitoring, particularly in rural areas where electrical and telecommunications infrastructure is limited. This article presents the design, implementation, and experimental validation of a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology for the continuous monitoring of critical water quality variables such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature in aquaculture systems. The proposed solution integrates multi-parameter sensors, a low-energy consumption architecture, and both local and remote configuration and calibration mechanisms. Data is transmitted via LoRaWAN to The Things Network, enabling real-time monitoring of pond biochemical conditions under variable environmental scenarios. Experimental validation was conducted in real aquaculture ponds, comparing RTU measurements with certified reference equipment; results demonstrated high correlation, with maximum deviations of less than 0.3 pH units, ≤0.2 mg/L for dissolved oxygen, and within ±1 °C for temperature. Field tests further confirmed reliable long-distance communication and reduced energy consumption, ensuring viability for prolonged autonomous operation. This robust architecture contributes to aquaculture productivity sustainability and aligns with Sustainable Development Goals related to efficient water management, food security, and technological innovation.